From above page:
Joint
Publications
Joint Pub 3-13 -- Joint
Doctrine for Information Operations
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_13.pdf
Joint Pub 3-13.1 -- Joint
Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare (C2W)
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_13_1.pdf
Joint Pub 3-53 -- Doctrine
for Joint Psychological Operations
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_53.pdf
Joint Pub 3-58 – Joint Doctrine for
Military Deception
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_58.pdf
US Air Force
Doctrine pubs
AFDD 2-5 Information
Operations -- http://www.doctrine.af.mil/Library/document.asp?doc=2-5
http://www.doctrine.af.mil/Library/Doctrine/afdd2-5.pdf
AFDD 2-5.1 Electronic
Warfare Operations
http://www.doctrine.af.mil/Library/Document.asp?Doc=2-5.1
http://www.doctrine.af.mil/Library/Doctrine/afdd2-5-1.pdf
AFDD 2-5.3 Psychological
Operations
http://www.doctrine.af.mil/Library/document.asp?doc=2-5.3
http://www.doctrine.af.mil/Library/Doctrine/afdd2-5-3.pdf
US Army
Doctrine Pubs
FM 100-6 Information
Operations
http://155.217.58.58/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/100-6/toc.htm
US Marine Corps
Doctrine Pubs
MCDP 6 Command and
Control
http://www.doctrine.quantico.usmc.mil/pdf/mpdpub6.pdf
Directives and Instructions
Department of Defense Directive 3600.1, Information Operations
OPNAVINST 3430.25 Information Warfare and Command and Control
http://neds.nebt.daps.mil/Directives/3430_25.pdf
OPNAVINST 3430.26 Implementing Instruction for Information Warfare/Command
and Control Warfare (IW/C2W)
http://neds.nebt.daps.mil/Directives/3430_26.pdf
OPNAVINST 3434.1 Psychological Operations
http://neds.nebt.daps.mil/Directives/3434_1.pdf
PDD 63 [Presidential Decision Directive] -- Protecting America's Critical
Infrastructures
http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd-63.htm
and White Paper -- http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/paper598.htm
Information Operations, MCWP 3-36, US
Marine Corps, Draft 2-27-01. pdf. file
“Towards an Analytical Methodology for
Considering Complex, Poorly Defined Problems” Kurt A. Richardson DERA 1998.
pdf file
“A Guide to Best Practices In C2 Assessment”,
J. Moffat, G. L. Mathieson, D. Shirley, DERA/CDA/SEA/AIR/WP000061, August 1999.
pdf.file
Australian Forces Documents: (Note
download time can be slow)
Subjective Factors in Combat Simulation:
Correlation between Fear and the Perception of Threat, R. A. Russell, J. W.
Russell and K. K. Benke, DSTO-TR-0410, September 1996
The performance of combat simulators may be
improved if it were possible to include the effect of emotional states and
physiological conditions (such as fear, anxiety, courage, smell or hearing). It
has been reported that battlefield effectiveness is generally lower than the
level predicted by trials and exercises. This may be due in part to the fact
that data based on quantitative evaluations of combat performance rarely include
detailed information on human factors. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-TR-0410.pdf
A Methodology for Measuring the Physiological
Strain of Enhanced Soldiers: The 1998 Soldier Combat System Enhancement Study,
Denys Amos, James D. Cotter, Wai-Man Lau and Christopher H. Forbes-Ewan,
DSTO-TR-0747, November 1998
http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-TR-0747.pdf
An Application of Checkland's Soft Systems
Methodology to the Development of a Military Information Operations Capability
for the Australian Defence Force, R. J. Staker, DSTO-TN-0183, March, 1999
Military Information Operations focus on the
decision-making aspects of warfare and operations other than war. There can be
considered to be three aspects to such operations: attack, defense and support.
The objective of offensive operations of this kind is to diminish an adversary
commander's ability to accurately direct his forces in a timely manner, and
hence to reduce his warfighting effectiveness, ideally to such an extent that he
is forced to capitulate. On the other hand, the objective of defensive
operations is to protect the decision-making processes of friendly commanders
from such attack. Support operations are common activities required for both
attack and defense. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-TN-0183.pdf
Smart Cards and PC Cards,
Marie Henderson,DSTO-TR-0774, February 1999
This document introduces both smart cards and PC
cards and covers some of their relevant applications to information security.
This includes their use in access control, as portable secure storage for
cryptographic keys and for computing cryptographic functions. The aim of this
document is to highlight the differences between the two card formats and to
indicate their respective advantages and disadvantages.
The intention is to assist organisations, implementing solutions utilising
either format, to select the best option. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-TR-0774.pdf
Network Control and Management Architectural Framework Supporting Military
Quality of Service, Marek Kwiatkowski , DSTO-TR-0871, September 1999
The growing demand for multimedia/multiparty
services and their rapid design, deployment and modification is apparent in the
ADF. To fulfil this requirement a high bandwidth (i.e. hundreds of Mbit/s) fixed
core network with medium bandwidth (i.e. tens of Mbit/s) mostly satellite links
to the tactical domain are being built. Packet/cell switching technologies will
be used in this interconnected environment due to their more flexible bandwidth
allocation, simpler control and better adaptability to bursty traffic than
circuit switching counterparts. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-TR-0871.pdf
Achieving Systemic Information Operations for
Australian Defence, R. J. Staker,
DSTO-TN-0235,October 1999
This document describes a proposed program of
research into theories, methodologies and techniques appropriate to achieving a
systemic Military Information Operations capability for the Australian Defence
Force. The methodologies that are identified as of potential value include both
so-called soft methodologies as well as rigorous quantitative methodologies.
Soft methodologies are included in recognition of the fact that human factors
are of pivotal significance in addressing the impact of Information Operations.
In fact, it is proposed that soft methodologies play the primary role in
analysis, with rigorous quantitative methodologies having only a subservient,
but complementary, role. For example, they may be used to test the internal
consistency and feasibility of conclusions arising from the application of soft
methodologies. They may also assist in clarifying the implications of various
available decision options. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-TN-0235.pdf
Military Information Operations Analysis
Using Influence Diagrams And Coloured Petri Nets Document,
R.J.Staker, DSTO-TR-0914, December,1999
This report describes who Influence Diagrams,
Coloured Petri Net models and related techniques may be used to analyse certain
aspects of Military Information Operations. An example is employed to facilitate
the exposition of these techniques. The example used is a much simplified
representation of a military command organisation. The objective of the report
is to provide theory, methods and techniques to support the assessment of the
effect of Military Information Operations on such organisations. The simplicity
of the example permits the basic concepts to be clearly conveyed. They may
readily be extended to the analysis of more complex examples as required. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-TR-0914.pdf
Representing Uncertainties Using Bayesian
Networks, Balaram Das, DSTO-TR-0918, December 1999
The work reported here was undertaken in relation
to a broader task which is aimed at providing better tools and techniques in aid
of command, control, communications and intelligence (C3I). The task plan places
major emphasis on using the techniques of modelling and simulation in the
analysis and resolution of C3I problems. A crucial problem that decision makers
face in any C3I process is the problem of uncertainty. Here we use Bayesian
networks to model uncertainty and reason about it in both a qualitative and a
quantitative manner. It is hoped that the tools developed here would be
integrated with other existing simulation tools to provide a refined and more
versatile modelling environment and decision aid package. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-TR-0918.pdf
Information Superiority, Network Centric
Warfare and the Knowledge Edge, Martin
Burke, DSTO-TR-0997, July 2000
The report notes that a socio-cultural phenomenon
has occurred in the Defence community whereby it is has become commonplace for
the assumption to be made that success in various types of modern warfare will
be assured if Information Superiority can be achieved. In an attempt to redress
this phenomenon, it presents outline arguments that suggest that this assumption
is fallacious. The arguments are constructed using ideas drawn from prominent
Defence publications. Definitions and explanations of fundamental concepts are
provided as appropriate. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-TR-0997.pdf
Thinking Together: New Forms of Thought System
for a Revolution in Military Affairs, Martin Burke, DSTO-RR-0173, July 2000
Toffler and Toffler have introduced the notion of
War and Anti-War as a new way of thinking about military conflict and its
avoidance, [Toffler and Toffler 1993]. They foresee that advances in information
and telecommunications technologies will lead to Knowledge Warfare and
Anti-Warfare (KWAW) being the pre-eminent Defence issue in the twenty-first
century. They introduce the idea of Thinking Systems as entities in which groups
of people act as knowledge agents supported by networks of information and data
systems. They discuss how KWAW concerns the interaction of allies' and
adversaries' Thinking Systems.
This paper addresses the same domain as Toffler and Toffler. However, by
adopting an architectural perspective, it conceptualises the domain in a
markedly different way; this affords various significant new insights that are
of potential Defence significance. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-RR-0173.pdf
Thought Systems and Network Centric Warfare,
Martin Burke, DSTO-RR-0177, July 2000
This paper summarises the conceptualisation, ie
the system of ideas, of the domain of Thought Systems presented in Thinking
Together. Simple architectural techniques are used to assist the reader to
develop an understanding of the distinguishing features of the concepts involved
that is sufficient to grasp the nature of the arguments relating to Thought
Systems and TWAW developed elsewhere. Illustrative examples are outlined to
indicate how the conceptualisation can be applied in this respect. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-RR-0177.pdf
Development of Simulation Services to Support
Military Experimentation, Andrew Au, John
Best, Peter Clark, Moira Chin, Jennie Clothier, Mike Davies, Richard Davis,
Anthony Finn, David Fogg, Anne-Marie Grisogono, Richard Hodge, Rick Nunes-Vaz,
Noel Martin, Mather Mason, Simon Oldfield, Helen Pongracic, Peter Ryan, Jason
Scholz, Marcel Scholz, Jon Vaughan, Paul Whitbread, Gina Kingston and Cliff
White, DSTO-GD-0270, January 2001
One certainty for the future of warfare is
change. To be prepared for tomorrow's new challenges, Defence requires
organisational flexibility and innovation. A Joint Synthetic Environment (JSE)
may facilitate this capacity for change and innovation across Defence. A JSE
would link existing and emerging synthetic environments such virtual air, land
and maritime platforms; C4ISR, EW and IO simulations developed in DSTO, industry
and by our allies through the use of interoperable standards and simulation
services based on High Level Architecture (HLA). http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-GD-0270.pdf
Aspects of Command and Control System
Vulnerability Analysis, Lewis Warren, DSTO-TR-1123,
March 2001
Vulnerability analysis of military command and
control (C2) systems is an increasingly important field of study as awareness
grows of the leverage that Information Operations can provide in adversarial
conflicts. However, there are many kinds of vulnerability analysis and which is
the appropriate form for any given C2 situation is not always obvious.
Initially, the concept of nodal criticality is examined and several types of
criticality are described so that the most appropriate version for a given C2
situation can be assessed. Next, C2 system vulnerability is discussed based on
elemental dysfunctions of diverse types. The Failure Modes, Effects and
Criticality Analysis technique of systems engineering is described for
evaluating system vulnerability based on the potential combination of diverse
elemental dysfunctions. Finally, the concept of C2 network dependability is
discussed based on combinatorial network communication failures. Two types of
failure likelihood measure are applied in the network combinatorial
computations: the conventional probabilistic failure likelihood, and the
possibilistic likelihood measure. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-TR-1123.pdf
IDDM: Intrusion Detection using Data Mining
Techniques, Tamas Abraham,Number:
DSTO-GD-0286,May 2001
The IDDM project investigates the potential use
of the data mining paradigm in near real-time intrusion detection in order to
develop techniques for the defence of computing networks. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/corporate/reports/DSTO-GD-0286.pdf
A number of other interesting papers can be found
by going to http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/ and
searching on “Information Operations” and “Information Warfare”
The IATAC IA M&S State of the
Art Report
http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/products_services/reports/modeling_simulation_soar.htm
The 2000 Spring Simulation
Interoperability Workshop's IO-ISR Forum, focusing on papers:
00S-SIW-048: Information Operations M&S: An Overview of Recent Activities
and a Role for Standards
00S-SIW-144: The Need for, and Design of, an IO Federation of Simulations http://www.sisostds.org/siw/00spring/scripts/show_abstract.cfm?forum_id=57&order_by=Papers.Paper_Num&abbrev=IO%2DISR&process=Presentations
The 2000 Fall Simulation
Interoperability Workshop's IO-ISR Forum, focusing on papers:
00F-SIW-001: REQUIREMENTS AND ISSUES IN CYBERWARFARE SIMULATION
SPEAKER_003: DARPA's Wargaming the Asymmetric Environment Program
SPEAKER_048: Wargaming the Asymmetric Environment
SPEAKER_092: AFIWC's Information Operations - Invited Speaker http://www.sisostds.org/siw/00fall/scripts/show_abstract.cfm?forum_id=57&order_by=Papers.Paper_Num&abbrev=IO%2DISR&process=Presentations
The 2001 Fall Simulation
Interoperability Workshop's IO-ISR Forum, focusing on paper:
01F-SIW-118: Grand Challenges in Modeling & Simulation for Information,
Effects-Based, and Crisis Operations
http://www.sisostds.org/siw/01fall/scripts/show_abstract.cfm?forum_id=57&order_by=Papers.Paper_Num&abbrev=IO%2DISR&process=Presentations
Fred Cohen's paper entitled,
"Simulating Cyber Attacks, Defenses, and Consequences" http://all.net/journal/ntb/simulate/simulate.html
Protecting the Homeland: Report of
the Defense Science Board Task Force on DEFENSIVE INFORMATION OPERATIONS, 2000
Summer Study, Volume II http://hipaa.unhca.com:8080/books/iw/cryptome.org-dio/cryptome.org/dio/dio.htm
TOWARDS A GAME THEORY MODEL OF
INFORMATION WARFARE by David A. Burke http://hipaa.unhca.com:8080/books/iw/iwarstuff/www.au.af.mil/au/database/research/ay2000/afit/afit-gss-lal-99d-1.htm
(to include defending
information, and sectors/organizations beyond government/military)
State of the Art: Modeling &
Simulation for Information Assurance
http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/products_services/soars_main.htm
http://www.psycom.net/iwar.1.html
Lots of references, some useful and applicable
http://www.aracnet.com/~kea/info_war.html
A general bibliography
Alberts, D.S., "Defensive
Information Warfare", NDU Press Book, National Defense University,
August 1996.(html)
An online book
best summarized in it's introduction written by Ervin J. Rokke: "In this
treatise on defensive information warfare, Dr. David Alberts reviews one
immediate, if narrowly focused challenge. The threat of information attacks,
that is, "attacks on decision makers, the information and information-based
processes they rely on, and their means of communicating their decisions,"
currently exists. With actual and potential practitioners covering a broad
spectrum of sophistication and resources, it's a phenomenon which cannot be
denied. In a very real sense, a new answer has emerged to a fundamental question
in international politics: "What are the capabilities of the players?"
Unique
discussion of various aspects of information warfare: How does information
warfare fit into a commander's decisions (OODA loop) and components (hardware
and software) involved the challenge of controlling a potential information
conflict.
Fredericks, B., "Information
Warfare: The Organizational Dimension", Sun
Tzu Art of War in Information Warfare Compendium, Institute for National.
Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 1997. (42 KB)
"This
paper specifically addresses the role of organizations as an essential element
in developing and implementing a viable IW strategy. To provide a common
reference point, the paper begins by defining IW. Next it analyzes the progress
achieved to date in institutionalizing IW by assigning responsibility to
specific organizations. Both the progress achieved within DOD and the
significant challenges remaining to be overcome at the interagency level are
examined. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations on how to better
organize the IW effort and enable it to emerge as a decisive element of U.S.
national security strategy in the 21st century."
http://superior.carleton.ca/~rgarigue/
Develops a basic foundation of
information and its role in warfare by proposing a 'conceptual analysis
framework'.
General Accounting Office (GAO), "GAO
Executive Report - B-266140", Report to the Committee on Governmental
Affairs, U.S. Senate, May 22, 1996. (83
KB)
Detailed report on attacks to U.S.
Department of Defense computer systems with recommendations for improved
security.
"Information
Security - Computer Attacks at Department of Defense Pose Increasing Risks",
GAO Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO/AIMD-96-84, May 1996. (86
KB)
http://www.ja.net/CERT/USA_GAO/GAO-AIMD-96-84/ai96084.htm
Congressional
Report on intruder penetrations into DoD systems. Documents several specific
examples, discusses current measures to limit access and make recommendations
for further improvements.
Stein, G.J., "Information
Warfare" , Airpower Journal, Spring
1995. (33 KB)
A general overview
of information warfare with historical military context.
http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/stein.html
Westwood, C.J., "Military
Information Operations in a Conventional Warfare Environment", APCS
Paper Number 47, Air Power Studies Centre, Royal Australian Air Force.(72
KB)
http://www.defence.gov.au/aerospacecentre/publish/paper47.htm
The author introduces the concept of
Military Information Operations (MIO) which is defined as the information tools
and techniques used as weapons against conventional military operations. Of
particular interest is the analysis of The Principles of Information Operations.
Wilson, M., "Hardwar,
Softwar, Wetwar: Operational Objectives of Information Warfare". e-Prints,
Federation of American Scientists, 1995. (18
KB)
http://www.fas.org/cp/eprint/96/hswwar.htm
Interesting
discussion of IW threats and how they may affect society. Mr. Wilson discusses
IW threats other than Denial of Service.
http://www.psycom.net/iwar.2.html
Glossary of terms.
http://csrc.nist.gov/cc/ccv20/ccv2list.htm
The
Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation (CC) version 2.1:
The Common Criteria Implementation Board (CCIB), working in cooperation with the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), has completed all
technical development of the CC based on trial-use and public review. The CC
version 2.1 and its ISO clone, International
Standard (IS) 15408 are both available for full use.
Interpol
information
: http://www.interpol.int/Public/TechnologyCrime/CrimePrev/ITSecurity.asp
Carnegie-Mellon
SEI organization: http://www.cert.org/
CORNERSTONES OF
INFORMATION WARFARE: http://www.infowar.com/mil_c4i/mil_c4ia.html-ssi
(USAF publication)
Operations
Research Methods for Information Operations - Colleague Letter
Operations
Research Methods for Information Operations - Terms of Reference
