COMMAND
AND CONTROL MINI-SYMPOSIUM AND WORKSHOP
How
Cognitive and Behavioral Factors Influence Command and Control
28-30 October 2003
The Institute for Defense Analyses
Alexandria, Virginia
TERMS
OF REFERENCE
(Draft
Version - Last Updated 22 October 2003)
Background
The traditional view of Command and Control in
the Department of Defense (DoD) tends to focus on the technologies used to
support these functions. This
perspective generally views technology as rational, beneficial, and progressive.
Unfortunately, this pro-technology bias may not allow us to fully consider the effects of other
systemic forces, and may limit our candid assessment of new technologies.
An alternative perspective examines the influences and
interactions among (1) the organization structure, (2) its people, (3) tasks,
and (4) technology. Each of these
factors is perceived as an integral and equally important element in the
system. Technology is no longer the central focus, but one of several factors
that must be considered.
In his article for the June 2002 issue of PHALANX,
Mr. Vince Roske, FS, observed that we have traditionally viewed command and
control as capable of being defined and controlled.
However, human factors introduce a complex, adaptive set of behaviors and
responses into command and control, and our analytical approaches are not
conducive to solving such problems. Mr.
Roske stated that we need to better understand how human factors influence the
behavior of command and control systems. He opined that we need analytical
methods to study and measure systemic factors.
Rather than artificially defining a system to facilitate the analytical
process, we need to develop new skills to recognize the relevant components of a
system, observe rather than predict emergent behaviors, and effectively evaluate
what we have observed to improve decision making.
This challenge is particularly evident in the context of new
concepts of operation that strive to achieve increased information sharing,
shared awareness, and collaboration. These
goals are based on the assumption, however, that individuals perceive shared
information in the same way. In
reality, individuals have different perceptions that are based on their unique
backgrounds and experiences. These
differences result in a lack of common understanding and varying awareness of
the situation that reflects each individual’s perceptions about the
information. Shared awareness is
limited by the filters with which each individual perceives and interprets
information. Concepts of operation
that emphasize information sharing, shared awareness, and collaboration fail to
recognize these limitations, creating false expectations about the efficacy of
the technologies that are being designed to support these functions.
Hence, there is a need to co-evolve new technologies with processes and
training that recognize and accommodate human factors.
This special meeting will employ the alternative perspective
outlined above to examine the influences and interactions of people,
specifically human factors, on command and control structures, tasks, processes,
and technologies.
Cognitive and behavioral factors will be the
specific human factors that will be addressed by this
special meeting. Cognitive factors refer to how people think, and include how a
person relates to the environment, acquires information, and makes decisions.
Behavioral factors refer to how people act, and are based on a person’s
beliefs, attitudes, and intentions. The
workshop will consider technological issues only as they pertain to cognitive
and behavioral factors.
Target
Audience
To provide a useful, informative forum, this special meeting
must acknowledge the relative lack of understanding within the Operations
Research and Systems Analysis (ORSA) community regarding the role of social
science in our theory and practice. Although
Operations Research (OR) was originally intended to be an interdisciplinary
field, it has largely evolved to address the physical sciences.
The intended audience of the meeting will include social
scientists, warfighters who use command and control, and the ORSA community. Social scientists will play a key role in guiding the other
participants to a better understanding of the subject area and its challenges.
Format
The special meeting
will be presented as a mini-symposium for the general audience, followed by a
workshop for selected participants. Presentations will be limited to the
mini-symposium so that working group sessions are devoted entirely to discovery,
discussion and product development.
Objectives
The mini-symposium will acknowledge the importance of the
social sciences in the study and practice of OR. It will provide a forum in which social scientists can inform
and educate ORSAs about cognitive and behavioral science, and how these fields
directly influence our theory and practice of command and control.
Specifically, social science speakers will provide a fundamental level of
instruction on these topics to enlighten the ORSA community about human
performance and other human issues as they relate to command and control.
The workshop will allow social scientists and ORSAs to build
upon the common understanding developed during the mini-symposium to
collaboratively identify areas in which improvements must be made in the theory
and practice of OR relative to human performance, other human issues, and
command and control.
A read-ahead package will be provided to registered
participants prior to the meeting to provide an initial foundation of background
material that should be of interest to the participants. All prospective participants are
encouraged to explore these resources prior to the mini-symposium so that they
can contribute most significantly to the accomplishment of the meeting
objectives.
Working
Groups and Synthesis Group
The workshop structure will consist of four
Working Groups and a Synthesis Group.
Objectives
Working Group 1 - Factors
Organization
Structure
Two Co-Chairs and a
Recorder will lead each Working Group. The
Working Group Co-Chairs are responsible for organizing and leading the working
group. They will moderate the
discussions and participate in the workshop synthesis session on the morning of
the fourth day. Working Group
Co-Chairs, in coordination with the Workshop Chair, may recruit specific
individuals to be part of their working group to ensure that the requisite
expertise exists in the group.
Working Group Recorders
are responsible for recording the discussion of their respective working groups,
noting particularly the lessons learned, issues, concerns, and recommendations
of the participants. Working Group
Recorders are invited to attend the workshop synthesis session on the morning of
the fourth day.
The Working Group
Co-Chairs and Working Group Recorders will be made aware of the meeting schedule
and report deadline. Each will be
asked to acknowledge that he or she will be able to support these requirements
as a condition of serving in a workshop leadership position.
In the event that a Working Group Co-Chair or Working Group Recorder is
unable to fulfill his or her duties, that individual will be expected to help
the Workshop Chair identify a suitable and available substitute.
The Synthesis Group will also be led by two
Co-Chairs and a Recorder. All
members of the Synthesis Group will take responsibility for participating in the
workshop synthesis session on the morning of the fourth day.
The Synthesis Group Co-Chairs and Synthesis Group Recorder will be made
aware of the meeting schedule and report deadline.
Each will be asked to acknowledge that he or she will be able to support
these requirements as a condition of serving in a workshop leadership position.
In the event that a Synthesis Group Co-Chair or Synthesis Group Recorder
is unable to fulfill his or her duties, that individual will be expected to help
the Workshop Chair identify a suitable and available substitute.
Assignments
Working Group 1
Co-Chair:
Dr. Alan Zimm, JHU/APL
Co-Chair: LT Alex Hoover, COMOPTEVFOR
Recorder: Mr. Brian Widdowson, MITRE
Working Group 2
Co-Chair:
Dr. Kim Holloman, EBR
Co-Chair: Mr. Dave Garvey, Alidade, Inc.
Recorder: Ms. Tina Brown, MITRE
Working Group 3
Co-Chair:
LT Katie Shobe, USN, NSMRL
Co-Chair: Dr. Barbara Black, ARI
Recorder:
Mr. Dan McConnell, MITRE
Working Group 4
Co-Chair: Dr. Lyn Canham, AFOTEC
Co-Chair: Dr. Gwen Campbell, NAVAIR
Recorder:
1Lt Lindsey Schmidt, USAF, AFOTEC
Synthesis Group
Co-Chair:
Dr. Dennis Leedom, EBR
Co-Chair: Dr. Lynee Murray, NUWC Newport
Recorder: Ms. Sharon Nichols, AFSAA
Agenda
Mini-Symposium - Day 1
The Workshop Chair will welcome the mini-symposium
participants and provide a short introduction and overview of the subject area.
This overview will include a summary of the workshop’s objectives, the
agenda, and leading issues pertaining to the workshop topic.
Following the Workshop Chair’s comments, a plenary session
will be held to describe cognitive and behavioral factors and provide the
participants with a fundamental understanding of human cognition, behavior, and
leading theories and models. The
importance of understanding human factors as they relate to command and control
structures, tasks, processes, and technologies will be addressed.
The mini-symposium will conclude with a mixer
during the late afternoon.
Workshop - Day 2
The workshop will begin on the morning of the
second day. The workshop
participants will break into their assigned working groups to focus on the
specific issue areas indicated above. A member of the Synthesis Group will be
assigned to each Working Group to facilitate idea flow across the working
groups.
On the afternoon of the second day, each Working
Group will outbrief a summary of their key discussion points, issues,
conclusions, and recommendations.
Workshop
- Day 3
The working groups will re-form on the morning of
the third day to refine and modify their ideas in light of the outbriefs of the
other working groups. Each Working
Group will provide a final outbrief on the afternoon of the third day.
This session will conclude with a short summary of the issues, concerns,
and recommendations identified by the workshop participants.
This summary will be presented by the Synthesis Group.
Day
4 morning
The Working Group Co-Chairs will meet with the
Synthesis Group on the morning of the fourth day to finalize the draft of the
workshop report.
Products
The product of the mini-symposium will be
a broader understanding among the participants of the role that cognitive and
behavioral factors play in influencing command and control structures, tasks,
processes, and technologies.
The products of the workshop will be a
meeting summary and a written exposition that will identify areas in which
improvements must be made in the theory and practice of OR relative to human
performance, other human issues, and command and control.
The exposition will include a generic guide that describes cognitive and
behavioral requirements, issues, and capabilities that should be considered when
contracting for, and developing, command and control processes and technologies.
The workshop products will be produced by the following
actions:
-
Each pair of Working Group Co-Chairs, in
conjunction with their Working Group Recorder, will produce a short summary
document for their working group. This document will include the following
items and will be submitted prior to
departure on the third day.
a.
Purpose of the working group
b.
Membership
of the working group
c.
Annotated
Outbrief Templates
d.
Smooth
copies of all visual materials, in both hard and soft copy, with annotations
-
Prior
to departure on the fourth day, the Synthesis Group, in
conjunction with the Workshop Chair, will review and integrate the working
group reports. They will draft
a meeting summary and an integrated list of issues, concerns, and
recommendations.
The Workshop Chair will submit the meeting
summary to the MORS office no later than 60 days after the meeting ends. That
report will draw upon the materials described above.
The written exposition will be submitted by the Workshop Chair to the
MORS office within 150 days of the workshop.
Material contained in the meeting summary and the written exposition will be
used to develop one or more articles about the meeting, suitable for publication
in the PHALANX and other appropriate professional journals.
The Workshop Chair will prepare a briefing package for presentation to
the MORS Sponsors and at the next Symposium.
Meeting
Proponents
Dr. David S. Alberts, Director, Research and Strategic
Planning, OASD(C3I)
Organizing
Committee
Workshop Chair - Dr.
Priscilla A. Glasow, 703-883-6931, pglasow@mitre.org
Dr. Jock Grynovicki, 410-278-5956, jgrynovi@arl.army.mil
Dr. John Warner, 520-538-4704, john.warner@hua.army.mil
Dr. Zita Simutis, 703-616-8861, simutis@ari.army.mil
Dr. Barbara Black, barbara.black@knox.army.mil
Dr. Dennis Leedom, 512-869-1658, leedom@ebrinc.com
Dr. Lyn Canham, 505-846-1967, lyn.canham@afotec.af.mil
Dr. Gwen Campbell, 407-380-4831, gwendolyn.campbell@navy.mil
Dr. Alan Zimm, 240-228-5462, alan.zimm@jhuapl.edu
Dr. Lynee Murray, 401-832-3543, MurrayLD@npt.nuwc.navy.mil
Dr. Kim Holloman, 703-893-6800, Holloman@ebrinc.com
LT Alex Hoover, 757-282-5546, x. 3397, hoovera@cotf.navy.mil
LT Katie Shobe, 860-694-2537, shobe@nsmrl.navy.mil
1Lt Lindsey Schmidt, lindsey.schmidt@afotec.af.mil
Mr. Jeff Cares, 401-935-9961, jeff@alidade.net
Mr. Dan McConnell, 703-883-5911, mcconnel@mitre.org
Ms. Tina Brown, 973-398-5468, tbrown@mitre.org
Mr.
Tim Smith, tsmith@nmic.navy.mil
Ms.
Sharon Nichols, sharon.nichols@pentagon.af.mil
Major Dave Hardy, david.hardy@afotec.af.mil
Mr. Stan Halpin, Stanley.halpin@leavenworth.army.mil
Ms. Jaci Knudson, 410-436-5935, jacqueline.knudson@sbccom.apgea.army.mil
Mr. Pete Byrne, 703-693-3248, byrnepc@js.pentagon.mil
Ms. Sue Iwanski, 703-312-2050, siwanski@northropgrumman.com
Bulldog - Corinne Wallshein, Corinne.Wallshein@pentagon.af.mil
MORS Staff - Ms. Natalie Kelly, 703-933-9070, morsvpa@aol.com
MORS Staff - Mr. Brian
Engler, 703-933-9070, evpmors@aol.com
Attendance
Attendance will be by specific invitation.
The meeting will be unclassified and will be open to both U.S. and
international participants. Those invited will be selected from those who have completed
a request for participation in the workshop.
Priority for participation in the workshop portion of this special
meeting will be given to those who have proven knowledge and experience in
the cognitive and behavioral fields, related social science disciplines, or the
application of cognitive and behavioral theory to command and control.
Priority for participation with also be allotted to warfighters who use
command and control and can provide valuable first-hand insights into the
subject area. Active
use will be made of members of appropriate MORS working groups and of contacts
with leaders in the cognitive, behavioral, and command and control communities
to ensure that participants in the workshop have the expertise necessary to meet
the workshop’s objectives.
Schedule
and Fees
The meeting will be held 28-30 October 2003 at
the Institute for Defense Analyses in Alexandria, Virginia.
The meeting will be held in Room 1301, with Rooms 1307, 1309, 1311, and
1313 available for working groups and the synthesis group.
The fee for participation in the mini-symposium will be
$105.00 for federal government employees and $210.00 for all others.
The fee for participation in the mini-symposium
and workshop will be $210.00 for federal government employees and $420.00 for
all others.
The MORS office will handle all registration and
logistics. They can be reached at
703-933-9070 or at morsoffice@mors.org.
Presentations
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